মাইক্রোক্রেডিট (Microcredit) বা ক্ষুদ্র ঋণের সংজ্ঞা :
মাইক্রো কথাটির বাংলা হলো ক্ষুদ্র এবং ক্রেডিট শব্দের বাংলা হচ্ছে ঋণ, তাই আমরা বলতে পারি ইংরেজি মাইক্রোক্রেডিট শব্দের বাংলা হলো ক্ষুদ্র ঋণ। ঋণ বলতে আমরা সাধারণত : শর্ত সাপেক্ষে আর্থিক সেবা প্রদান যা নির্দিষ্ট সময় পরে ফেরৎ যোগ্য তাকে বুঝি। মূলত মাইক্রোক্রেডিট বা ক্ষুদ্র ঋণ হচ্ছে এমন একটি ঋণপ্রক্রিয়া যেখানে ঋণের আকার ছোট, ঋণের মেয়াদ সল্প, সহজ শর্ত এবং বিনা জামানতে ঋণ সেবা প্রদান করে। মূলত যারা প্রচলিত ব্যাংক সেবার বাইরে আছে সেই সকল উপকারভোগীরাই মাইক্রোক্রেডিট পেয়ে থাকেন।
একটি নির্দিষ্ট কাঠামোর অধিনে এবং একটি নির্দিষ্ট শ্রেণীর জনগোষ্ঠীকে ঋণ প্রদান করা হয় অর্থাৎ কাজের আওতা একটি নির্দিষ্ট শ্রেণীর জনগোষ্ঠীর মধ্যে সীমাবদ্ধ।
আমরা এভাবেও বলতে পারি, ক্ষুদ্র ঋণ হলো একটি ঋণ পদ্ধতি যেখানে নির্ধারিত কিছু নিয়মের মধ্যে দিয়ে কোনও সংস্থা কোনও ব্যাক্তিকে স্বল্প পরিমান ঋণ প্রদান করে যা স্বল্প সময়ের মধ্যে সাপ্তাহিক/মাসিক কিস্তিতে পরিশোধ করতে হয়।
এই ঋণ সংশ্লিষ্ট ব্যাক্তি বা ব্যাক্তির মাধ্যমে, সংশ্লিষ্ট পরিবারের আয় বৃদ্ধিতে সহায়তা প্রদান করে এবং সর্বোপরি একটি সমাজ তথা দেশের দারিদ্রতা দূরীকরণে ও সামাজিক উন্নয়নে সরাসরি সহযোগীতা করে।
Microcredit:
– Microcredit is the provision of financial services to poor people who have been excluded from the formal banking sector. Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history. It is designed to support entrepreneurship and alleviate poverty.
Microcredit refers to provide loan service assistance in no collateral, low service charge, small amount for a specific short period.
General features of Microcredit
1) It promotes credit as a human right.
2) Its mission is to help the poor families to help themselves to overcome poverty. It is targeted at the poor, particularly poor women.
3) The most distinctive feature of microcredit is that it is not based on any collateral or legally enforceable contracts. It is based on “trust”, not on legal procedures and system.
4) It is offered for creating self-employment for income-generating activities and housing for the poor, as opposed to consumption.
5) It was initiated as a challenge to the conventional banking which rejected the poor by classifying them to be “not creditworthy”. As a result it rejected the basic methodology of conventional banking and created its own methodology.
6) It provides service at the door-step of the poor based on the principle that the people should not go to the bank, bank should go to the people.
7) In order to obtain loans a borrower must join a group of borrowers.
8) Loans can be received in a continuous sequence. New loan becomes available to a borrower if her previous loan is repaid.
9) All loans are to be paid back in installments (weekly, or bi-weekly).
10) Simultaneously more than one loan can be received by a borrower.
11) It comes with both obligatory and voluntary savings programs for the borrowers.
12) Generally these loans are given through non-profit organizations or through institutions owned primarily by the borrowers. If it is done through for-profit institutions not owned by the borrowers, efforts are made to keep the interest rate at a level which is close to a level commensurate with sustainability of the program rather than bringing attractive return for the investors. Microcredit’s thumb-rule is to keep the interest rate as close to the market rate, prevailing in the commercial banking sector, as possible, without sacrificing sustainability. In fixing the interest rate market interest rate is taken as the reference rate, rather than the moneylenders’ rate. Reaching the poor is its non-negotiable mission. Reaching sustainability is a directional goal. It must reach sustainability as soon as possible,
13) Microcredit gives high priority on building social capital. It is promoted through formation of groups and centers, developing leadership quality through annual election of group and center leaders, electing board members when the institution is owned by the borrowers. To develop a social agenda owned by the borrowers, it undertakes a process of intensive discussion among the borrowers, and encourages them to take these decisions seriously and implement them. It gives special emphasis on the formation of human capital and concern for protecting environment. It monitors children’s education, provides scholarships and student loans for higher education. For formation of human capital it makes efforts to bring technology, like mobile phones, solar power, and promote mechanical power to replace manual power.
A broad classification of microcredit:
-Traditional informal microcredit (such as, moneylender’s credit, pawn shops, loans from friends and relatives, consumer credit in informal market, etc.)
-Microcredit based on traditional informal groups (such as, tontin, su su , ROSCA, etc.)
-Activity-based microcredit through conventional or specialized banks (such as, agricultural credit, livestock credit, fisheries credit, handloom credit, etc.)
-Rural credit through specialized banks.
-Cooperative microcredit (cooperative credit, credit union, savings and loan associations, savings banks, etc.)
-Consumer microcredit.
-Bank-NGO partnership based microcredit.
-Grameen type microcredit or Grameen credit.
-Other types of NGO microcredit.
-Other types of non-NGO non-collateralized microcredit.
মাইক্রোফিন্যান্স এর সংজ্ঞা জানতে ক্লিক করুন